Toefl pbt practice test free download pdf

A Mini-Test 8: Reading 1. The passage generally concerns the advantages of biological agents and the disadvantages of chemical agents. The word marring means "spoiling," "ruining. The word clog is closest in meaning to the word "obstruct. The author defines weeds as "any plants that thrive where they are unwanted" line 3. No definitions are offered for the other terms. Lines say "herbicides Choice A is given in lines , which says that biological agents "leave crops and other plants untouched," while chemical agents "kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with.

Choice D is given in lines ; "biological agents can be administered only once," while chemical agents "must be used several times per growing season. The word hence means "consequently" or "therefore. The word innate means "natural" or "in-born. According to the passage, the living organisms used to kill weeds are "primarily insects and micro- organisms.

The reference is to plants. In this context, applications means treatments with biological agents. The problem is the need to control weeds; the possible solutions are the use of chemical or biological agents.

The author refers to the fact that the plot is "tightly choreographed"; that Bernstein's score is "brilliant," and that Stephen Sondheim revealed "a remarkable talent.

Lines say the play "is set in the early 's. Since the Jets and Sharks were rival gangs, and were based on the Montagues and Capulets, it is reasonable to assume that the latter groups were also rivals. The word feuding means "hostile," "antagonistic. The word ultimately means "eventually. Lines state: "Stephen Sondheim A score is the written form of a piece of music. Lines indicate that, after it first opened, the play ran for performances.

The summary sentence beginning "The plot. There were 8, people at the New York Auto Show, according to line 1. By coincidence, this was the same number of cars as there were in the United States in lines By happenstance means "by chance," "coincidentally.

According to the passage, only around 4, cars were assembled in the United States in , and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered lines One quarter of 4, is 1, Lines state that "the show's audience favored electric cars. The word fumes means "gases," "vapors.

The word launched means "initiated," "began. According to the passage, "The Duryea Motor Works The word cumbersome means "clumsy, difficult to control" Lines indicate that the Gasmobile, Franklin, and Orient steered with tillers; the Duryea probably used a steering wheel Lines state that "the black tie i. According to the passage, auto shows were about to become "extravaganzas. The passage deals with an interpretation of an experiment involving children's art.

The passage says that the children drew both "front views" line 6 and "rear views" line 7. The reference is to the children.

The word markedly means "noticeably. There is nothing in the article particularly useful to commercial artists. The word odd means "unusual" In the context of this passage, scale means "proportion. Lines indicate that the head size "is a form of planning, and not an indication of a poor sense of scale. Choice A is not correct; the author is not critical of 0'Keeffe's style. Choice B is too specific. There is no comparison of abstract art and landscape art, so C is not correct.

Choice D is the best statement of the author's purpose. Line 2 states that 0'Keeffe "studied art in Chicago and New York. The expression refers to The word frequented is closest in meaning to "visited.

The word intuitively means "instinctively. Lines indicate that "her style changed dramatically The word blanched means "whitened," "bleached. According to the passage, she "most often painted desert landscapes" after a trip to New Mexico in Lines state that she became "the dean of Southwestern painters and one of the best known of American artists.

C Mini-Lesson 3. B Mini-Lesson 3. A Mini-Lesson 3. D Written Expression In order to be parallel with the other adjectives in the series harder and more resistant , the comparative form lighter must be used.

The correct superlative form is largest. The adjective form destructive is required in place of the noun form. The correct pattern is both The correct form of the infinitive to play is needed. Both the noun phrase these craftsmen and the pronoun refer to the same person, so the reflexive pronoun themselves should be used. The singular form of the verb, was, should be used to agree with the singular subject, influence.

The pronoun subject they is used unnecessarily and should be omitted. The relative word where must be used to describe a place. When is used to describe a time. With countable nouns such as mammals, the word many is used. In order to agree with a plural noun sharks , the possessive adjective their should be plural. The adjective form Commercial is required. The noun ability is needed in place of the adjective able.

The correct verb is make. In order to be parallel with the other items in the series physics and mathematics , the name of the field chemistry must be used.

The adjective expert cannot be pluralized. The correct word order is almost exactly. The past tense form is required: became. The word lot should not be pluralized. The word ago is used unnecessarily. The preposition for should be used with the adjective responsible. The noun form collection should be used in place of the gerund.

The primary purpose of this passage is to detail the stages of the Sun's life in the future. The word fueled is closest in meaning to "powered. As it is used in the passage, the word "condition" is closest in meaning to "state. The Sun has existed in its present state for about 4 billion, million years lines It is expected to become a red giant in about 5 billion years. Therefore, it is about halfway through its life as a yellow dwarf.

Line 8 states that "the core of the Sun will shrink and become hotter. The second paragraph describes the process by which the Sun becomes a red giant star. The last sentence of that paragraph states: "Temperatures on the Earth will become too hot for life to exist.

Lines indicate that the Sun will be a white dwarf "After it shrinks to about the size of the Earth. Therefore, the Sun will be thousands of times smaller than it is today. According to the passage, the Sun is now a yellow dwarf star; it will then expand to a red giant star, shrink to a white dwarf star, and finally cool to a black dwarf.

The word eject has the same meaning as "throw off. The reference is to the planet Earth. The tone is scientifically objective.

Although the passage describes the end of the Earth, that event is so far in the future that the author's tone is dispassionate. Washington was one of the first persons to realize the importance of canals, and he headed the first company formed to build a canal.

This indicates that he was a pioneer in canal construction. Choice C is incorrect because the canal was never finished. The word possibility is closest in meaning to "feasibility. The word relatively is closest in meaning to "comparatively. The word intermittent is closest in meaning to "on-again-off-again.

According to the passage, the Governor of New York "persuaded the state to finance and build the canal" lines The word fees is closest in meaning to the word "tolls. According to lines , the canal "allowed New York to supplant Boston, Philadelphia, and other eastern cities as the chief center of both domestic and foreign trade.

Lines indicate that the expansion of the Canal would have been warranted "had it not been for the development of the railroads. The word warranted most nearly means "justified. The passage begins to discuss the actual construction of the Erie Canal in Line The passage mainly deals with the distress signals of trees. Choices B and C concern minor details. There is no information about A. The reference is to "trees" in line 4. The word parched has the same meaning as the word "dehydrated.

The word plight means "condition. The trees' signals are in the kilohertz range; the unaided human ear can detect no more than 20 kilohertz lines The word fractured is closest in meaning to "broken.

The signals are caused when the water columns inside tubes in trees break, "a result of too little water" line In the context of the passage, pick up means "perceive. Choices A and B are mentioned in lines ; C is mentioned throughout the passage; there is no mention of D. Lines say, "Researchers are now running tests," implying that research is continuing.

The passage explains the difference between two concepts, analogy and homology, and gives examples of both. Lines state, "The concepts The word rigid is closest in meaning to "inflexible. Analogous organs are those that perform the same functions but are not derived from the same embryological structures.

The structures given in D most likely demonstrate this relationship in that they both provide the same functions-locomotion and support-but are not otherwise related. Homologous organs "are genetically related," according to line In the context of the passage, the term structures refers to different physical parts of animals: wings, limbs, fins, and so on. The word sense is closest in meaning to "meaning.

The author begins to discuss homology in the sentence beginning "In contrast … " in line 9. The purpose of the passage is primarily to describe Charlie Chaplin's movie Modern Times.

Lines state that Chaplin "was motivated to make the film by a reporter" during an interview. The word abruptly is closest in meaning to the word "suddenly. According to lines , "scenes of factory interiors account for only about one third of the footage. The phrase losing his mind means "going insane" from the pressure of work.

The reference is to the phrase "another popular scene" in line Lines state: "This serves to illustrate people's utter helplessness in the face of machines that are meant to serve their basic needs. The word utter is closest in meaning to that of "complete. The film does not offer "a radical social message," and so would not be considered "revolutionary" A.

Line 14 states that "Chaplin prefers to entertain rather than lecture"; thus, it is "entertaining" B. Lines 19 mention that people who have seen the film cannot forget certain scenes, and so it is "memorable" C. According to lines , the opening scene's "rather bitter note of criticism …is replaced by a gentler note of satire"; therefore, the author would consider the film "satirical" D.

A Written Expression A Explanation of Written Expression Items The comparative older is needed in place of the superlative oldest. The noun that names a field journalism is needed in place of the noun naming a person journalist. The correct word order is college campuses. The definite article the should not be used before the name of a field such as architecture. To be parallel with the other words in the series agriculture, finance, and accounting , a noun that names a field should be used marketing.

Before an uncountable noun, the word amounts should be used. The correct expression is so many Too is used in phrases with infinitives: too many to The singular verb is must be used to agree with the singular subject sum. The past participle pulled must be used to express a passive idea. Before a series of three elements insulated, ventilated, and equipped , the conjunction both cannot be used.

The plural pronoun them must be used to agree with the plural noun bridges. To be parallel with the other nouns in the series hardness and brilliance , another noun form transparency is needed.

The word very cannot be used to modify the word relatively. The word other should be used in place of another before a plural noun types. This sentence incorrectly compares people and a sport running and race walkers. For a logical comparison, the word running must be changed to runners. The adjective wild should replace the adverb wildly because the phrase modifies a noun Magnolia Gardens. The word lovely is used correctly in this sentence because it is an adjective ending in -ly, not an adverb.

The plural noun instruments is needed here. The possessive form his should be used in place of the article the. The past tense form of the verb won is needed. The definite article the is required before the ordinal number first.

The preposition in has been omitted: age in which. The noun ease is needed to be parallel with the noun difficulty. The noun should be pluralized: times. The noun discovery is required in place of the verb discover. D Explanation 1. The passage generally deals with the time humans and mammoths co-existed in the New World and the possible role humans played in the extinction of the mammoths.

No specific details are offered about A or B , and C is too general. The word implements is closest in meaning to "tools. The phrase refers to "humans. Line 13 mentions "the imperial mammoth of the South," meaning the southern section of North America. Lines state that "Here, as in the Old World, there is evidence that humans hunted these elephants," implying that humans had also hunted mammoths in Siberia.

The word remains can be defined as those parts of an animal's body that can be found after many years. In this case, they are mainly the bones of the mammoths. The meaning of the word "apparently" is closest to that of seemingly. The author argues that choice A is unlikely. Choice B is not possible because the extinction of the mammoths came at the end of the Ice Age. There is no information about D. Only C is a possible conclusion.

The word cunning means "clever. Choice A is true; line 26 states that humans were "not very numerous. Choice D is also true; line 25 states that humans were "cunning hunters. The author provides the most detailed information about the mammoth. The passage chiefly deals with the first decades of jazz, the Dixieland era. As used in this sentence, the word idiom means a style of playing music.

According to the first paragraph, the earliest recordings were made by the Original Dixieland Band, who were among those white musicians who "came to Chicago from New Orleans. According to the second paragraph, the first important recording made by black musicians was recorded by King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band in Lines state that King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band "featured some of the foremost jazz musicians of the time, including Louis Armstrong.

The word steady is closest in meaning to "constant. Lines indicate that the beat was provided by the rhythm section, which included the piano.

According to lines , Duke Ellington "provided his musicians with written arrangements. Line 20 states that "improvisation was an indispensable element," indicating that Dixieland was not carefully planned. All of the other answer choices are referred to in the second paragraph.

Line 25 refers to the Wolverines as an example of a small Chicago jazz band. The author provides the most detailed description of early jazz in the third paragraph.

The last sentence of the passage indicates that the next era of jazz would be the Swing era, so it is logical that the next paragraph will continue with a discussion of this period. The word astounding is closest in meaning to "startling. All three streets are in San Francisco lines ; the residents have the same approximate levels of income. They are all middle class or working class, according to lines They all have approximately the same ethnic mix as well lines The only difference is the amount of traffic.

Lines say that Franklin Street "had almost 16, cars a day. According to lines , trash is a secondary effect of heavy traffic. The author's main purpose in this paragraph is to discuss the negative impact heavy traffic has on Franklin Street. The third paragraph deals with how Octavia Street residents interact; they have more friends and acquaintances on their block than do Franklin Street residents, and by implication, than do Gough Street residents as well.

The word chatted means "talked" informally. According to the passage, increased traffic reduces the amount of territory for which residents feel responsible lines All the other statements would be consistent with information given about Gough Street residents in the fourth paragraph.

The passage concentrates on the books written by Rachel Carson and on her career as a writer. Lines state that Carson studied zoology at Johns Hopkins University. Carson was born in line 1 and published Under the Sea Wind in lines 67 , so she must have been around 34 years of age at the time of publication. According to lines , when Under the Sea Wind was first published "it received excellent reviews, but sales were poor until it was reissued in There is no mention that Rachel Carson took part in a research expedition.

Carson "realized the limitations of her non-technical readers" lines , implying that the book was not highly technical.

It did have a poetic quality line 11 , and it was fascinating interesting , according to line 9, and well-researched lines The word reckless is closest in meaning to "irresponsible. Lines state that the book Silent Spring "proved how much harm was done by the uncontrolled, reckless use of insecticides.

The word flawed is closest in meaning to the word "faulty. Carson's work "was vindicated" by the report line 23 , implying that the report contradicted the chemical industry's claims and supported her ideas. The passage deals with the two main divisions of economic resources: property resources and human resources.

The other choices refer to minor details in the passage. This expression is used figuratively in the passage to mean that economic resources is a broad topic. According to lines , economists "mean much more than the non-economist" by the term "land.

The word arable means "able to be cultivated"-and therefore, "fertile. The term the latter which means the second concept mentioned before refers to "consumer goods. Capital goods include aids to transporting goods line 13 , such as a railroad. Choice B is specifically mentioned as not being a type of capital lines Choices C and D are examples of land, not of capital. The word heading as used in this sentence means "category. The third paragraph indicates that the term labor involves all types of human talents except entrepreneurial skills, which are considered a separate category.

The plural verb form have must be used to agree with the subject of the sentence, the plural noun formations. The possessive adjective her should be used in place of the possessive pronoun hers. Research is properly an uncountable noun and should not be pluralized.

The personal pronoun them should be used instead of the reflexive pronoun themselves. The verb differ should be used in place of the adjective different. In order to be parallel with the other items in the series difficult and violent , the adjective dangerous is needed in place of the plural noun dangers.

Before the word equator, the definite article the must be used. The noun leader a person who leads should be used in place of the noun leadership the quality that leaders have. The word twice should be used in place of double in this sentence. The phrase should correctly read from east to west. To be parallel with the other items scissors and glue gun , a singular noun knife should be used in place of the plural noun knives.

The phrase should correctly read at least. The definite article the should not be used in the phrase by boat. The preposition into should be used after the verb subdivided.

There is a contrast between the two clauses of this sentence, so the conjunction but should be used in place of and. The noun absence is needed in place of the adjective absent. The preposition Since should be used in place of the preposition In. This is clear because the verb-have devoted- is in the present perfect, not the past tense. The noun sale is needed in place of the verb sell. Only the second noun climbers of the compound noun mountain climbers should be pluralized.

The preposition by has been incorrectly omitted; the phrase should read the process by which. The word so should be used in place of too. The verb ripen should be used in place of the adjective ripe. The correct word order for the opening phrase of the sentence is Of the many. This phrase should correctly read No longer. The passage provides an introduction to Lucy Maud Montgomery's life and works, especially her Anne books.

The reference is to Anne of Green Gables, which is a classic children's tale written by a Canadian author. According to lines , Montgomery "moved in with her grandparents" after her mother died and her father moved to Saskatchewan. Montgomery's first book was published in line 11 , and she wrote the two sequels in the next three years. The word elderly is closest in meaning to "old. In lines , the author states that "the heroine of the book is taken in by an elderly couple who live in the fictional town of Avonlea.

According to lines , "Montgomery incorporated many events from her life in Cavendish into the Anne books. The word prominence is closest in meaning to "reputation. In the context of the passage, the word character means "nature.

There is no mention in the passage that a ballet was ever based on the Anne books. The other choices are mentioned in lines In the context of the passage, scour means "search. Choices A and. B are details; choice C implies that animals can count, an idea which is contradicted in the third paragraph. The accounts from White's book indicate that certain animals are aware of quantities on an intuitional level. The word surreptitiously is closest in meaning to the word "secretly. As used in this passage, the word abandon means "vacate.

The word odd in this context refers to numbers which are not divisible by 2 1, 3, 5, 7, and so on. Numbers that are divisible by 2 are called even numbers. According to the first paragraph, caterpillars are used by wasps to supply food for their young. There is no mention that they are aware of quantities.

The other choices are given in the paragraph as examples of creatures that are aware of quantities in some way. The word accounts means "reports" or "stories" in the context of this passage. According to the passage, "animals respond to quantities when they are connected to survival as a species It can be inferred that choice B is the result of conditioning by a trainer rather than the result of the monkey's instinctive awareness of quantities.

Since these people believe that "creatures other than humans can actually count" line 16 and the author believes that none of the animal's achievements shows evidence of counting, the author must consider these people mistaken. The word admittedly is closest in meaning to "undeniably. The reference is to the remarkable achievements of animals. The reference comes in the sentence beginning, "In lab experiments The main topic of the passage is the impact of the Bessemer process.

Choice A is too general; choices B and C are not directly discussed in the passage. There is no mention that Bessemer steel was used in Civil War weapons; the other effects are cited in the first paragraph. According to the passage, the production of Bessemer steel exceeded that of wrought iron in lines , implying that wrought iron production was greater than Bessemer steel production before then.

The word burgeoning is closest in meaning to the word "expanding. According to lines , "steel rails were far more durable long-lasting than those made of iron. In the context of this passage, the word driven is closest in meaning to that of "spurred.

According to lines , "the U. Because steel made by the Bessemer Process accounted for only 3 percent of the total U. Because the last paragraph deals with the declining importance of the Bessemer Process and mentions that the open-hearth method supplanted it, it is logical to assume that the next paragraph discusses the open- hearth method.

The author first mentions the expansion of the Bessemer steel method in lines 14 , in the sentence beginning "Production grew rapidly The author does not discuss San Francisco's current housing problems.

Restoration is discussed in the third paragraph; the three styles are explained in the second paragraph; the entire passage provides a brief history of San Francisco's Victorian houses. The word gaudy is closest in meaning to the word "showy. The first paragraph indicates that almost all of Nob Hill was destroyed in , and goes on to say that surviving Victorians can be found in Cow Hollow, Pacific Heights, and the Mission district.

Roman Classical is not one of the three styles of Victorian built in San Francisco; it is the style Italianate houses were influenced by, and so must have been an earlier style. Italianate styles were popular in the 's, Stick houses in the 's, and Queen Anne houses in the 's.

Queen Anne houses were therefore the last to become fashionable. In the context of the sentence, bays are features of Victorian houses. They are a type of window. In lines , the author says that towers were among the features that "distinguished Queen Anne houses from their predecessors. Victorian houses were considered "impossibly old-fashioned" in the period after the earthquake which occurred in , but interest in them was renewed during the 's, when many were restored.

According to lines , the owners of the houses commissioned "multi-hued paint jobs. According to the first paragraph, sea otters, along with freshwater otters and other animals, are members of the group known as mustelids. Lines indicate that sea otters have to eat about 30 percent of their body weight a day.

Thirty percent of pounds is 30 pounds. The term picky eaters meaning creatures with selective appetites is applied to sea otters because each animal prefers only a few food types lines In the context of this passage, the word exhausted means "used up.

Lines indicate that some sea otters protect kelp forests because they "feast on invertebrates such as sea urchins and abalones that destroy kelp.

The term luxuriant means "abundant. According to lines , "the soft outer fur forms a protective cover that keeps the fine under-fur dry. The word elated is closest in meaning to "overjoyed. M1: I like your new bicycle, Helen. F1: Thanks, but it isn't new.

I had my old one repainted. M2: What can be said about Helen's bicycle? F2: Will that be cash, check, or charge? M1: I'm going to write a check, but I just realized I left my checkbook in my car.

I'll be right back. A The key word here in the answer here is to prove. Because academic lectures are more challenging to comprehend than conversations. Makes sense, right? If you want to know how many reading passages are on the TOEFL and how many questions there are in total, you need to remember this: Conversations are followed by five questions, lectures by six Contains two parts, three passages in each part for a total of six passages Four academic passages and two conversations Conversations are between a student and a campus worker usually a professor Lectures will last at least four minutes and it will feel like an eternity Expect 34 questions in total.

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Josh on June 1, at AM. Sreymoch on September 26, at AM. Thank you so much for this lesson. Josh on September 27, at AM. Thank you for sharing. Happy to hear you found some value in the lesson. Christina on July 24, at PM. Josh on July 27, at AM. Thank you! Abdul Wasi on June 3, at AM. Josh on June 8, at AM. Thank you Abdul for commenting. Much appreciated. Josh, this training is so helpful. Josh on March 30, at AM. Hi Saeed and thank you for letting me know!

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