Solotuion data and computer communication 10th pdf download

Page 58 2. Page 62 2. Page 70 2. Page 73 2. Page 77 2. Page 86 2. Page 91 Chapter 3 Data Transmission Page 96 3. Page 97 3. Page 3. Page Chapter 4 Transmission Media Page 4.

Page Chapter 5 Signal Encoding Techniques Page 5. Page Chapter 6 Error Detection and Correction Page 6. Page 7. Page Chapter 8 Multiplexing Page 8. Page 9. Page Chapter 10 Cellular Wireless Networks Page Page Chapter 12 Ethernet Page Appendix 12B Scrambling Page Chapter 14 The Internet Protocol Page Chapter 15 Transport Protocols Page Chapter 17 Wireless Transmission Techniques Page Chapter 18 Wireless Networks Page Chapter 19 Routing Page Chapter 20 Congestion Control Page Chapter 21 Internetwork Operation For example, it reduces crosstalk between wire pairs bundled into a cable.

Shielded twisted pair STP surrounds the wire with a metallic braid or sheathing that reduces interference. The glass or plastic itself consists of two concentric columns. The inner column called the core has a higher index of refraction than the outer column called the cladding. It is affected by rainfall, however, especially above 10 GHz.

It is also requires line of sight and is subject to interference from other microwave transmission, which can be intense in some places. In practice, there will be some beam spread. Nevertheless, it produces a highly focused, directional beam. The edge in effect become a source and waves radiate in different directions from the edge, allowing a beam to bend around an obstacle. If the size of an obstacle is on the order of the wavelength of the signal or less, scattering occurs.

An incoming signal is scattered into several weaker outgoing signals in unpredictable directions. From Figure 4. If the outer conductor of a coaxial cable is everywhere held at ground potential, no external disturbance can reach the inner, signal-carrying, conductor.

Half of that is 5, km which is comparable to the east-to-west dimension of the continental U. While an antenna this size is impractical, the U. Defense Department has considered using large parts of Wisconsin and Michigan to make an antenna many kilometers in diameter. The received power will increase by a factor of 4 4. Thus, the higher the frequency, the higher power is needed to obtain a given SNR. Power is much more readily available at earth stations than at satellites.

Therefore, it makes more sense to put the higher power requirements on the earth stations than on the satellites. Using Equation 4. The available received signal power is 20 — In addition, lack of a directcurrent dc component means that ac coupling via transformer is possible. The magnitude of the effects of signal distortion and interference depend on the spectral properties of the transmitted signal.

Clocking: Encoding can be used to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. Error detection: It is useful to have some error detection capability built into the physical signaling encoding scheme. Signal interference and noise immunity: Certain codes exhibit superior performance in the presence of noise. Cost and complexity: The higher the signaling rate to achieve a given data rate, the greater the cost.

Some codes require a signaling rate that is in fact greater than the actual data rate. The data themselves are encoded as the presence or absence of a signal transition at the beginning of the bit time. A transition low to high or high to low at the beginning of a bit time denotes a binary 1 for that bit time; no transition indicates a binary 0. The binary 1 pulses must alternate in polarity.

For pseudoternary, a binary 1 a is represented by the absence of a line signal, and a binary 0 by alternating positive and negative pulses. Millions discover their favorite reads on issuu every month. Give your content the digital home it deserves.

Get it to any device in seconds. Publish for free today. Attendees who were alarmed by the racial undertones of Trump's remarks were further disturbed when the topic of the Congressional Black Caucus CBC came up, these people said.

At one point, Durbin told the president that members of that caucus — an influential House group — would be more likely to agree to a deal if certain countries were included in the proposed protections, according to people familiar with the meeting. Trump was curt and dismissive, saying he was not making immigration policy to cater to the CBC and did not particularly care about that bloc's demands, according to people briefed on the meeting.

Kelly was in the room and was largely stone-faced, not giving any visible reaction when Trump said "shithole countries" or when he said Haitians should not be part of any deal, White House advisers said. At one point, Graham told Trump he should use different language to discuss immigration, people briefed on the meeting said. As Trump batted back the Democrats, he was urged on by Republican lawmakers. Bob Goodlatte R-Va. Durbin was not interested, White House officials said.

After Graham left, he told associates that he was disturbed by what he heard in the Oval Office, according to people who spoke with him, and that it was evident the deal's antagonists had gotten to Trump.

Graham and Durbin also told allies that they were stunned that the other lawmakers were present — and that Trump's tone seemed so different than it had been days or even hours before, according to people close to them. Graham declined to comment on the president's reported obscenity. He has told others in his circle that commenting would only hurt the chance of a deal and that he wants to keep a relationship with the president.

There had initially been hope for the Thursday meeting. Trump had told lawmakers during a partially televised session two days earlier that he was flexible. He even said he would be willing to lock the door of the Cabinet room if they wanted to negotiate at the White House, according to people who heard his comments. Trump went on to say at the earlier meeting that he wanted a deal and that even those in the conservative House Freedom Caucus should work with Durbin.

In the hours and days afterward, a bipartisan group of senators — Graham, Durbin, Sen. Jeff Flake R-Ariz. Robert Menendez D-N. Michael F. But some White House officials, including conservative adviser Stephen Miller, feared that Graham and Durbin would try to trick Trump into signing a bill that was damaging to him and would hurt him with his political base. As word trickled out Thursday morning on Capitol Hill that Durbin and Graham were heading over to the White House, legislative affairs director Marc Short began to make calls to lawmakers and shared many of Miller's concerns.

Soon, Goodlatte, one of the more conservative House members on immigration, was headed to the White House. David Perdue R-Ga. In the late morning, before Durbin and Graham arrived, Kelly — who had already been briefed on the deal — talked to Trump to tell him that the proposal would probably not be good for his agenda, White House officials said.

Kelly, a former secretary of homeland security, has taken an increasingly aggressive and influential role in the immigration negotiations, calling lawmakers and meeting with White House aides daily — more than he has on other topics. He has "very strong feelings," in the words of one official.

But he's not a lone voice. Trump in recent weeks has also been talking more to conservatives such as Rep. Mark Meadows R-N. White House officials say Kelly is determined to secure a deal on dreamers and border security and has told Trump that the southwestern border is worse than it was a few years ago — and that he can be the president to change the status quo.

Trump, he said, "has hawkish instincts on immigration, but they aren't well-developed, and he hasn't ever been through these kind of legislative fights. It was not viewed as a serious proposal because it did so little to address the immigration issues that the president has been vocal about," said Meadows, who leads the conservative House Freedom Caucus. Nearly every top official ducked into the exclusive Italian restaurant Cafe Milano in Georgetown to toast Powell. There was little effort to significantly push back on the story that night because aides knew that Trump had said it and that the president wasn't even too upset, according to people involved in the talks.