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Erving Goffman — Developed the concept of the dramaturgical approach to social situations. Gestalt psychology: Explain how we perceive things the way we do. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt principles feature top-down processing. Gestalt principles: The law of similarity, the law of closure, the law of continuation, the law of proximity, the law of figure and ground, the law of Pragnaz. The law of similarity- Items that look similar are grouped together.

A bunch of squares on top of each other could appear as a line. The law of closure — Our minds fill in missing information to create a complete image. How our mind fills in the gaps. The law of proximity — Objects that are close together in proximity are grouped together.

The law of figure and ground — The eye differentiates between an object from its surrounding. The figure is the object. The surrounding is the ground. It refers to the ability to perceive the main object separate from the background. It is the process in which the brain detects specific stimuli of an image such as lines, edges, movement. Top-down processing — Using previously learned information to aid in information processing.

Think the gestalt principles. Generalized other — Our conceptions of the expectations other people in society have on actions and thoughts. The generalized other represents the common expectations and attitude of society.

Any time an actor is tries to imagine what is expected of them, they are taking on the perspective of the generalized other. Coined by George Herbert mead. Still listen to authority figures due to wanting to maintain good relationships and societal order. Adolescents and adults. Game theory — Use of mathematical models to come up with strategies for optimal performance or success in a given situation. Traditional authority — Authority due to tradition, custom, or accepted practice.

Spotlight model — A theory of visual attention. States that shifts in attention precede the movement of our eyes. Continuity theory — People try to maintain the same basic life structure throughout their lives.

Drive theory — Created by Sigmund Freud. Describes psychological drives as an instinctual need that has the power of driving the behavior of an individual. Based on the principle that organisms have certain psychological needs that creates a feeling of tension when the need is not met. When a need is met, the drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation. Cognitive theory — People behave based on what they predict will yield the most desirable outcome.

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon — People are more likely to agree to larger request if they already agreed to a smaller request. Counterconditioning- It involves the conditioning of an undesired response to a stimulus into a desired response.

Removing the current conditioning to a stimuli and replacing it with a new response. This is done by associating reinforcements with the stimulus that normally causes the undesired response. Counterconditioning is used to get rid of unwanted responses. Secure attachment — Easily turns to parents for comfort and is easily comforted by parents. Anxious attachment — Would not be easily comforted by parents or return to play afterwards.

Identification — Identification is the process where a subject assimilates an aspect, property, or attribute of another person. Inclusive fitness — A measure of reproductive success. Depends on the number of offspring an individual has, how well they support their offspring, and how well the offspring support each other. General adaptation syndrome — The body responds to stressors in three stages: 1 Alarm, 2 Resistance, 3 Exhaustion.

Activating sympathetic nervous system. Releasing adrenaline and cortisol. The general adaptation syndrome also states that how people react to stress is similar for many different kinds of stressors. Appraisal view of stress — People make two appraisals that determine their emotional reaction to an event. Primary appraisal — Evaluation of a situation for a potential threat. If there is one, a second appraisal will then be made.

Secondary appraisal — Assess personal ability to cope with the threat. If one does not think they can cope with the threat well, they will feel stress more than someone who does believe they can handle the stress.

Back region- A setting where a person feels more relaxed and can act more spontaneously and free without worry of how others perceive him. Alone at home. Conjugal family — A family that is centered around the husband and wife, and not around blood relationships.

Learning theory of language development — Learning is a form of behavior developed through operant conditioning. Nativist theory of language development — Language is an innate biological instinct, and everyone has the neural cognitive system for learning language. Noam Chomsky. Interactionist theory of language development — Interaction between biology and environment. Children are motivated to practice language so they can communicate and socialize with others.

Expressive aphasia — The inability to produce speech, but can still understand language. Receptive aphasia — The inability to comprehend language, despite being able to hear it and produce it.

Fluid intelligence — The ability to think logically without the need for previous knowledge. Typically peaks in young adulthood and then declines. Crystallized intelligence — The ability to think logically using previously learned knowledge.

Typically remains stable throughout life. Retinal disparity — Each eye provides a slightly different angle of the same object which results in our brain being able to process depth.

Proprioception — Cognitive awareness of balance and position of the body in space. Gentrification- The process by which upgrading of houses or and neighborhoods results in the influx of wealthier residents. Which in turn raises prices and makes the whole area more expensive and wealthy. Behaviorist theory — Focuses on the role of reinforcement and punishment on the shaping of behavior.

Behaviors are learned through conditioning. Get the whole list 53 pages for free! Download here. Getting into medical school is tough, we are here to help you out. If you are serious about becoming a doctor, do everything you can to become the best applicant you can. Sign up for our newsletter! Psychology and Sociology Terms: Social desirability bias — The tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that looks favorably for others.

Subject bias — When a subject intentionally or unintentionally reports distorted measurements Observer bias — When an observer intentionally or unintentionally reports distorted measurements Primacy bias — First impressions are important.

Craving — A strong desire to ingest a drug or consume a substance. Transformationalist perspective — National governments are changing with new world order forming Mass society theory — People who are isolated are more susceptible to the appeals of extreme movements.

Sanctions — Rewards and punishments that are in accord with or against norms. Formal norms — Written down rules that carry punishments. Laws Informal norms — Generally understood but do no carry punishments if violated Mere exposure effect — People prefer repeated exposure to the same stimuli.

Frustration-aggression principle — When blocked from achieving a goal, frustration can lead to anger which can lead to aggression Learning-performance distinction — Learning and performing are two different things.

Context effect — Describes how the context of a stimulus can affect how someone perceives the stimulus Moderation — A model where another variable moderates the direction or strength of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Albert Bandura — Focused on social learning theory and observational learning. Gestalt principles: The law of similarity, the law of closure, the law of continuation, the law of proximity, the law of figure and ground, the law of Pragnaz The law of similarity- Items that look similar are grouped together. A bunch of squares on top of each other could appear as a line The law of closure — Our minds fill in missing information to create a complete image. The law of continuity — Lines are seen as following the smoothest path.

The law of Pragnaz — Complex objects are reduced to its simplest terms. Bottom-up processing — Seeing things as their individual pieces. Children believe what is right and wrong based off of what authority figures say.

The focus is on obedience and punishment. Young kids. Conventional stage — Acceptance of conventional definitions of right and wrong.

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